SRI LANKA'S VICTORY;LESSON FOR WORLD

                            END OF LTTE AND ADVENT OF NEW

                                         DAWN IN SRILANKA

 LTTE Chief’s death marked the end of 26 years long war of Sri Lankan Army with LTTE. In other words we can say that Sri Lanka has won the Military war against world’s more powerful, organized and deadly terrorist organization, the LTTE. The dead body of LTTE Chief Virupillai Prabhakaran has been identified by the Lankan Army, the video footage of which has been shown on the electronic media to the world giving a message that they have the caliber to win and courage to fight unto death.

 

The victory has unfolded many success stories of Sri Lankan army and many such stories would be authored in the years to come in their glory. The last couple of months had been particularly very tough and challenging for the Sri Lanka in view of the growing concerns of international community about the alleged gross human rights violations by the army. The huge exodus of Tamil civilians from the war zones had has been a matter of serious concern for the government as well as international aid agencies like UNHCR and International Red Cross Society. The exact number of causalities during the 26 years of incessant war including deaths in the fresh offensive from January, 2009 would never be known, but time would help heal this wound soon, provided the Tamil problem is solved within the frame work of Sri Lankan territorial integrity and sovereignty.

 

The war fought by the Lankan army is a lesson for every Nation which is facing the problem of Terrorism including India. It is also a lesson for West and particularly America who is still to win and bring the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan-Pakistan to a logical conclusion.

 

The 2^nd Gulf war started   some ten years back by Barrack Obama’s predecessor George Bush is yet to be won even when Saddam is dead and the country is ruined. 9/11 humiliated America and it fought back with skirmish. Afghanistan under Taliban was attacked by USA under the false banner of NATO and forcibly retrieved consent of UN. The Taliban were deposed and Mullah Md Omar was dethroned. Initially USA thought that the war is over and it would show to the world that the America cares for the third world. It started so called reconstruction of Afghanistan, a task that will never be finished. The war against Omar and Osama-bin-Laden, the Al-Qaeda chief was termed as ‘Global War against Terror’. The USA undoubtedly the best and most powerful armed forces in the world with unmatched fighter planes, most lethal artilleries, heavily protected armored vehicles most sophisticated anti-terror equipments and other weapons blended with world’s best trained marines have yet to kill either Osama or Mullah Muhammad Omar. The ongoing seemingly unending war in Afpak territory is being fought with following military strengths-

There are 38,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan, including three combat brigades and non-combat troops. Their numbers were bolstered by the recent arrival of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the Army's 10th Mountain Division, which has begun operating in eastern part of Afghanistan. There shall be additional deployment of 17,000 troops, as assured by Obama in his maiden Presidential speech. A force of 8,000 Marines, consisting of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade was further reinforced in Afghanistan. All the NATO countries are engaged in this war in one way or the other but What to talk of victory, Americans have yet to see Osama and Omar physically. They have so far failed to trace their hideouts and movements. The American army has been thoroughly demoralized when Taliban took Swat, Buner in Malakhand, Mingora etc under its suzerainty and posed an existential threat to Pakistan. 

One the other hand, Sri Lanka, with a meager total numerical strength of 1, 70,000 troops has been fighting against LTTE, one of the most organized and well trained terrorist organization which has been banned in as many as 32 countries for the last 26 years without any moral and material support of International community. In fact the international community including America influenced UN has always castigated and demoralized Sri Lanka on this issue. If the comparison is drawn between Al-Qaeda and Taliban on the one hand and LTTE on the other, it can be easily understood that LTTE is the most modern, well organized and hierarchical on lines of Military structure of modern state, disciplined and most committed, whereas; Al-Qaeda and Taliban are ill trained, less organized and ill disciplined. In fact the duo is more a militia that anything else inculcated with medieval cultural and military ethos.

Is it not very surprising to see that the world’s best army is not able to defeat the medieval band of mercenary militia?

The victory of Sri Lankan army over LTTE has necessitated USA to rethink over its war techniques and strategy of military operation against Al-Qaeda and Taliban. It is well said that success has many fathers and failures have only orphans. The international community which had been criticizing the Sri Lankan government over alleged human rights violations have now extending congratulations on the killing of Prabhakaran. The public jubilations in Sri Lanka is such that when Miliband, the Foreign Minister of UK criticized Sri Lanka for its alleged atrocities, he was burn in effigies. The international communities especially the West including American have to understand that protecting sovereignty and territorial integrity are the inalienable and non negotiable rights of and Independent Nation.  India must learn a lesson that a half hearted fight against Terrorism is like injuring a poisonous snake and letting it prepare to a fresh offensive, obviously which is more lethal and dangerous. We will have to re-think our Kashmir Policy and our strategy of fight against Terrorism. The political commitment and unshaken rocky resolve to uproot terrorism is the unfinished task of our successive governments. Amongst the priorities of the new UPA government should also be to crush the terrorists and terrorism in all its form. Let the world shed its crocodile tears, after all if the Nation itself is at stake who and why does one talk about diplomacy, human rights and international communities’ criticism and pressure. If Sri Lankan why not me .

PAKISTAN;SOMALIA OF ASIA

(PLAYING WITH FIRE WILL BURN YOU TOO)

The war against terror in Pakistan and Afghanistan has converted the region a war zone and India is unnecessarily made part of it। US has miserably failed to tame Taliban and Al-Qaida militants even after billions of dollars have been injected into the entire exercise. The resources in terms of man and material which have been lost in this seemingly unending war are unparallel in modern history. The situation is worsening with every passing day and the hopes of illusive victory in this strife torn country is far from sight. Pakistan is becoming Somalia of Asia and Rwanda and Darfur of the region.

In nutshell the security environment in Afghanistan and Pakistan is changing very swiftly over a week। The war against terrorism in Afghanistan led by US is not making desired headway. General Patreus has admitted that they are not winning the war. In a diplomatic style, he of course said that the situation would improve once as proposed 17000 American troops reach into Afghanistan. But many experts in strategic and defence fields feel that situations in Afghanistan and Iraq are completely different. In Iraq the country was blocked and no tangible support or logistic inputs were available for the Iraqi insurgents, whereas; in Afghanistan the situation is different. Mullah-Omar and Osama-bin-Laden, both are alive and commanding their men, in Iraq after the capture of Saddam the insurgents were virtually leaderless and unorganised. They made some desperate attacks but thoroughly unorganised and ill coordinated. Taliban on the other hand is proving so far unmatched with world’s best army, thanks to the local tribal support from both in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The Taliban is gaining ground repulsing the govt forces from country side। In fact Hamid Karzai’s writs don’t run beyond Kabul. The ministers, governors, govt offices, embassies and even jails are not safe and Taliban is capable of striking anywhere any time. The high security prison in Kabul was blown and prisoners including Taliban inmates were freed. Situation is such that even Presidential palace in Kabul is considered ‘not safe’. The supply line across north-west of Pakistan is highly unsafe and US had to solicit support from Russia for an alternate supply route to which Russia did agree but with a bargain. It too wants a role to play in this region.

The rampant corruption in Afghanistan amongst its bureaucracy, Police and diplomats is marring all efforts of reconstruction and reconciliation। Even American army officials are not exception to these pandemics. The good will, once generated after Taliban’s ouster from Kabul, is eroding. The Afghan tribes, the autonomy loving people are frustrated with these developments and therefore; the local population is getting hostile towards the alliance forces day by day. The call of Taliban to oust, ‘foreign mercenaries’ as what it call, from its soil is finding sympathetic space in the hearts of common Afghanis also. This emotional call of Taliban has aggravated the problem for American in Afghanistan.

Under these circumstances Obama has vividly accepted that American forces are not winning the war in Afghanistan and he candidly accepted that on principle he is exploring to engage, what he called liberal and moderate elements in Taliban, in dialogue. In an interview to The New York Times, he said he ponders outreach to moderate elements in Taliban. Richard Holbrooke, the special envoy of Obama’s administration might have advised US president to so drawing experience from Iraq perhaps. In Iraq, Shias were engaged in dialogue and seems to have paid back in restoring some amount of peace. America wants to re-do this experiment in Afghanistan. Let’s hope and pray that this formulae works.
Well, only time will tell that whether any moderate Taliban really exists or not. Some experts are of the opinion that there is no good or ban Taliban and Taliban do not have any moderates, all they have are extremists and religious fundamentalists.
This marks a major shift in the established American policy towards Taliban. This is going to have profound impact on security environment in the entire region, south-Asian region in general and Indian in particular.
On the other hand the situation in Pakistan is fast moving away from normal। The showdown between Zardari and Nawaz over the Supreme Court’s verdict which went against the Nawaz and his brother Sahwaz, snow balled into an unprecedented political crisis with the General Ashfaz Parvez Kayani giving ultimatum to Zardari either to improve situation or face the music. Although the situation could be averted by timely intervention of Americans in the power echelon and Zardari was made to accede to the demand, otherwise the situation was likely to go to a point of no return.

In spite of the temporary truce between Nawaz and Zardari, the person chemistry between them is far from satisfactory and friendly. They have been still at logger heads and any political mishandling would led to all out war between them.
Even before this political and security crisis, the security situation in Pakistan has been fast slipping out of the hands of government over some time. The complete surrender of Pakistani government in swat valley which is hardly 100 Kilometres away from Islamabad, to Taliban is the testimony of ever-growing power of Taliban in Pakistan. The purchased peaces in Swat, once an alpine tourist valley in exchange of introduction of Shariat law has stopped the fire throwing mouth of the guns for the time being but the authority of the government has been thoroughly undermined. The lapis lazuli mines of swat valley have reported to be brought under Taliban’s control. The poppy cultivation in many areas in Pakistan by the Jihadists and Taliban is also adding to their coffers. According to one estimate Taliban controls more than 2/3rd of the illegal arms and drug trade which is approximately 3-4 trillion US dollars. Such is the economic and military strength of these elements.
The advance of Taliban is thus undeterred and unchecked. In fact in the entire FATA, major parts of Baluchistan and Waziristan, govt writs are not running. The situation is such that if one fine morning Islamabad itself is captured by the Taliban, no one should take it as surprise. Thus the political, security and economic situation in Pakistan is ripe for such things to happen. One thing is amply clear that the days of Zardari are fast running out. Even if this time Military takeover is averted, the situation in Pakistan is worsening day by day and getting out of control of the establishment.
Taking into consideration both the developments in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the security situation in India is likely to be seriously threatened। How far after all are our borders from these areas? T.V channels telecasted that Taliban is coming! Is it only a TRP driven rhetoric or do we really face such a situation, needs to be contemplated.

IMPACT OF THESE DEVELOPMENTS ON INDIA- India has been the softest target of Pakistani militants, right from its birth as an independent nation in 1947. We all know and it is too obvious and simple a proposition to be discussed that the humiliating defeat of Pakistan at the hands of India thrice has forced it to switch over to proxy war and subsequently low intensity war in Indian territory. The ongoing terrorist activities in India are handiwork of Pakistan and it is proven beyond a shadow of doubt.
The subjugation of Swat valley to the Taliban is of special significance with respect to India. An unholy nexus developed between Al-Qaida and Taliban in Afghanistan in order to fight against the Americans. This nexus gradually grew and flourished and took the shape of international terrorism. Many experts in this field believe that all other small or big terrorist organisations in one way or the other are logistically linked with this grand alliance of Al-Qaida and Taliban.
The figures of terrorist attacks in India and for that matter elsewhere in the world have undergone a huge qualitative and quantitative change. The mechanism as well as intensity has enhanced.
With the swat coming to the Taliban’s hegemony, this nexus has found a new base in Pakistan which is of immense strategic importance. Swat is hardly 100 kms away from Islamabad and roughly 70 Kms away from Peshawar. It these distances are calculated Indian capital New Delhi is hardly 758 kms away from Islamabad and Lahore only 427 kms. Obviously our western command will be very near to the swat valley. Pakistan has developed intermediate and short range missiles like Abdali, Ghaznavi, both short range, Ghauri, Ghauri I, II, medium range Ghauri III (ICBM) Shaheen, Shaheen I, II and III etc.
Swat is just a sojourn of Taliban and Al-Qaida duo and they will consolidate their position here. Unfortunately, the command and control system of these missile and nuclear warheads are in the hands of military rather than civilian govt. It is a well known fact that there is one another unholy nexus between ISI and terrorists organisations. Thus terrorists, ISI and military trio nexus has negated all the efforts of reconciliation. This has been revealed none other than by Nawaz Sharif himself regarding Kargil war.
It is in this perspective and situation, the recent developments in Pakistan is of serious concern for India. A democratic, stable, prosperous and non-fundamentalist Pakistan is in India’s interest.
With the Talibanisation of this strategic territory of swat valley, the above mentioned threats are looming large on India. The security situation in Kashmir is likely to further worsen. The terrorist influx into Indian Territory will increase. Kashmir went to poll and a democratically elected govt under the west educated CM came to power. The peace process is moving forward with more and more people are coming to mainstream and its testimony was witnessed in huge turnout in the last Assembly election. Peace and democracy are enemies of terrorists, therefore; this situation is likely to be threatened seriously.
If the situation in Pakistan is allowed to go to nadir, the grip of Taliban and other such forces would grow stronger and can seriously jeopardise the security of this Nation.
Any complacency on our part in this regard can prove to be disastrous। Shiv Shanker Menon was in USA to meet his counterpart Hillary Clinton. He has held wide ranging dialogue with his counterpart and many others in America. He has rightly said that the Afghanistan problem should be viewed and resolved in an integrated fashion. He meant thereby that any diplomatic or strategic manoeuvring or retreat without taking into India’s stand would be disastrous and would meet with fiasco. India has rightly objected to Holbrooke’s reported attempt to drag Kashmir into his mission. Fortunately Holbrooke too could perceive Indian’s mood and categorically stated that Kashmir is not an areas US wanted mediation. However India has to be too vigilant and pro-active vis-a-vis developments in its North West neighbours. Parvez Musaraff speech at India conclave only a few days ago smacked of Pakistan’s development. He wanted to incite Indian Muslims sentiment against the establishment. Thank to rebuff by Maulana Madni. United we stand divided we fall, though sounds and old and obsolete rhetoric, is the need of hour.

WHAT STEPS INDIA SHOULD TAKE NOW- The existence of Pakistan has become a problem not only for India but also for the whole region. Madeline Albright has rightly described it as Somalia of the region. It has become a failed state and will let many others to sink also. The ongoing so called peace process and composite dialogue are not going to solve the problem. The attitude of Pakistan towards has not changed and is not likely to change also. The so called investigation in 26/11 Mumbai attacks is the recent example of Pakistan’s lackesaidial and delay tactics attitude. Ajmal Kasab’s confessional statements and confession footage aired on Geo TV in Pakistan has cleared all the doubts but still Pakistan is not prepared to come to terms. In the given circumstances India needs to take recourse to some decisive and drastic diplomatic and military steps. Hot pursuits into Pakistan borders and demolition of training camps are some of the most desired steps. The soft attitude of India has been taken for granted by our neighbours as well as terrorists. Time has come that we should not only break the diplomatic relation with Pakistan but take recourse to other options available in accordance with the provisions of internal law. But breaking Pakistan as a Nation is not an acceptable proposition. It is against the principles of international law as well as Geneva Convention. Pakistan has a right to remain as a Nation but it does not have a right not to allow others to live like this. A happy, prosperous, peaceful and stable democratic Pakistan is as important for India as it is for an average and common Pakistanis.

DEVELOPMENT IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN; ITS IMPACT ON INDIA

(LONG MARCH; WAY TO ISLAMABAD SEAT OF POWER?)

The security environment in Afghanistan and Pakistan is changing very swiftly over a week. The war against terrorism in Afghanistan led by US is not making desired headway. General Patreus has admitted that they are not winning the war. In a diplomatic style, he of course said that the situation would improve once as proposed 17000 American troops reach into Afghanistan. But many experts in strategic and defence fields feel that situations in Afghanistan and Iraq are completely different. In Iraq the country was blocked and no tangible support or logistic inputs were available for the Iraqi insurgents, whereas; in Afghanistan the situation is different. Mulla Omar and Osama, both are alive and commanding their men, in Iraq after the capture of Saddam the insurgents were virtually leaderless and unorganised. They made some desperate attacks but thoroughly unorganised and ill coordinated. Taliban on the other hand is proving so far unmatched with world’s best army, thanks to the local tribal support from both in Afghanistan and Pakistan. 

The Taliban is gaining ground repulsing the govt forces from country side. In fact Karzai’s writs don’t run beyond Kabul. The ministers, governors, govt offices, embassies and even jails are not safe and Taliban is capable of striking anywhere any time. The high security prison in Kabul was blown and prisoners including Taliban inmates were freed. Situation is such that even Presidential palace in Kabul is considered ‘not safe’. The supply line across north-west of Pakistan is highly unsafe and US had to solicit support from Russia for an alternate supply route to which Russia did agree but with a bargain. It too wants a role to play in this region. 

The rampant corruption in Afghanistan amongst its bureaucracy, Police and diplomats is marring all efforts of reconstruction and reconciliation. Even American army officials are not exception to these pandemics. The good will, once generated after Taliban’s ouster from Kabul, is eroding. The Afghan tribes, the autonomy loving people are frustrated with these developments and therefore; the local population is getting hostile towards the alliance forces day by day. The call of Taliban to oust, ‘foreign mercenaries’ as what it call, from its soil is finding sympathetic space in the hearts of common Afghanis also. This emotional call of Taliban has aggravated the problem for American in Afghanistan.

Under these circumstances Obama has vividly accepted that American forces are not winning the war in Afghanistan and he candidly accepted that on principle he is exploring to engage, what he called liberal and moderate elements in Taliban, in dialogue. In an interview to The New York Times, he said he ponders outreach to moderate elements in Taliban. Richard Holbrooke, the special envoy of Obama’s administration might have advised US president to do so drawing experience from Iraq perhaps. In Iraq, Shias were engaged in dialogue and seems to have paid back in restoring some amount of peace. America wants to re-do this experiment in Afghanistan. Let’s hope and pray that this formulae works.

Well, only time will tell that whether any moderate Taliban really exists or not. Some experts are of the opinion that there is no good or bad Taliban and Taliban do not have any moderates, they all are extremists and religious fundamentalists.

This marks a major shift in the established American policy towards Taliban. This is going to have profound impact on security environment in the entire region, south-Asian region in general and Indian in particular. 

On the other hand the situation in Pakistan is fast moving away from normal. President Zardari's tactless handling of situation is worsening the situation in Pakistan. The law and order situation is fast deteriorating. The bomb blasts, suicidal attacks, growing influence of Taliban and terrorists activities in general are going unabated. On constitutional front, Zardari did not offer constitutional package. The constitutional changes which Parvez Musharaff had brought in inorder to keep unbridled power with respect to dissolve Parliament etc are still to be annulled and done away with. The interference of President in matters of governance is such that even appointment in PMO are being done by the President himself. The restoration of Judiciary in pre-amendment status to which Zardari had made written agreement with Nawaz, stiil awaits presidents nod. Above all, the imminent showdown between Zardari and Nawaz over the Supreme Court’s verdict which went against the Nawaz and his brother Sahwaz, is snow balling into an unprecedented situation of political crisis with the General Ashfaz Piarvez Kayani giving ultimatum to Zardari 'either to improve situation or face the music'. The reliable sources at Islamabad claim that the Army is tightening its belt for an imminent take over situation or at least to play a major role in the coming days, a role pakistani army relish to perform unlike many democracy in the world.

Pakistani PM Gilani met General Kayani on 12th, the Wednesday and speculation is rife now that Kayani wanted Gilani to play a bigger role, hitherto denied to him by Zardari. Although the PM’s official spokesperson and advisor to PM said that Kayani is of the opinion that army should be kept out of politics because what he said, the democracy has transcended after a decade of Military rule.Holbrook and American ambassodor has met PM and has taken stock of situation. Americans are keeping a close watch over the situation.

Zardari in a determined mood to stop the ‘long march’( 15-16 March, Lahore- Islamabad), to which Nawaz has given call, has ordered tough actions to be taken. Hundreds of political activists, lawyers and media persons have either been arrested or put under house arrests. The authorities have invoked section 144 in the whole of areas and a senior official in the interior ministry, Rehman Malik, who is said to be close aide to Zardari, has said that Nawaz and his brother may be booked under charges of treason. This action of Zardari has invited condemnation from many corners including America. Democracy and Martial law are like musical chair game in Pakistan. This time the history is likely to repeat again.

Nawaz and Zardari have been at logger heads from initial days of the government. Nawaz wants Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhary, the deposed CJ of Pakistan’s Supreme Court to be reinstated, whereas; Zardari, being sceptical about Chaudhary’s intensions, wants to defer the matter to maximum stretchable limits. It is only when the SC in a verdict on25 February, this year disqualified Sharif and his brother the CM of Punjab province from holding any elected office, the situation triggered off towards direct confrontation. Zardari immediately sacked Shabaz as CM of Punjab and put it in President’s Rule. This was interpreted by Nawaz that the decision of the SC has come on the behest of Zardari. 

Even before this the security situation in Pakistan is fast slipping out of the hands of government over some time. The complete surrender of Pakistani government in swat valley which is hardly 100 Kilometres away from Islamabad, to Taliban is the testimony of ever-growing power of Taliban in Pakistan. The purchased peaces in once an alpine tourist valley swat in exchange of introduction of Shariat law has stopped the fire throwing mouth of the guns for the time being but the authority of the government has been thoroughly undermined. The advance of Taliban is undeterred and unchecked. In fact in the entire FATA, major parts of Baluchistan and Waziristan govt writs are not running. The situation is such that if one fine morning Islamabad itself is captured by the Taliban, no one should take it as surprise. Thus the political, security and economic situation in Pakistan are ripe for such things to happen. One thing is amply clear that the days of Zardari are over. Even if Military takeover is averted, Zardari, in all possibility, is likely either to be removed or forced to quit in a couple of weeks.

Taking into consideration both the developments in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the security situation in India is likely to be seriously threatened. How far after all are our borders from these areas? T.V channels telecasted that Taliban is coming ! Is it only a TRP driven rhetoric or do we really face such a situation, needs to be contemplated.

IMPACT OF THESE DEVELOPMENT ON INDIA- India has been the softest target of Pakistani militants, right from its birth as an independent nation in 1947. We all know and it is too obvious and simple a proposition to be discussed that the humiliating defeat of Pakistan at the hands of India thrice has forced it to switch over to proxy war and subsequently low intensity war in Indian territory. The ongoing terrorist activities in India are handiwork of Pakistan and it is proven beyond a shadow of doubt.

The subjugation of Swat valley to the Taliban is of special significance with respect to India. An unholy nexus developed between Al-Qaida and Taliban in Afghanistan in order to fight against the Americans. This nexus gradually grew and flourished and took the shape of international terrorism. Many experts in this field believe that all other small or big terrorist organisations in one way or the other are logistically linked with this grand alliance of Al-Qaida and Taliban.

The figures of terrorist attacks in India and for that matter elsewhere in the world have undergone a huge qualitative and quantitative change. The mechanism as well as intensity has enhanced. 

With the swat coming to the Taliban’s hegemony, this nexus has found a new base in Pakistan which is of immense strategic importance. Swat is hardly 100 kms away from Islamabad and roughly 70 Kms away from Peshawar. It these distances are calculated Indian capital New Delhi is hardly 758 kms away from Islamabad and Lahore only 427 kms. Obviously our western command will be very near to the swat valley. Pakistan has developed intermediate and short range missiles like Abdali, Ghaznavi, both short range, Ghauri, Ghauri I, II, medium range Ghauri III (ICBM) Shaheen, Shaheen I, II and III etc. 

Swat is just a sojourn of Taliban and Al-Qaida duo and they will consolidate their position here. Unfortunately, the command and control system of these missile and nuclear warheads are in the hands of military rather than civilian govt. It is a well known fact that there is one another unholy nexus between ISI and terrorists organisations. Thus terrorists, ISI and military trio nexus has negated all the efforts of reconciliation. Even some officials on condition of anonymity say that the special wing in ISI called "S' wing has been imparting training to talibans and Al-Qaida militants. In fact it is this nexus which has aggravated the problem of US because the kind of logistic and material support which this 's' wing provides to these outfits has enhanced the strike capabilities of these groups fighting against American forces in strife torn areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. This nexus of ISI militants and muzahiddins in Kashmir has been revealed none other than by Nawaz Sharif himself regarding Kargil war.

It is in this perspective and situation, the recent developments in Pakistan is of serious concern for India. A democratic, stable, prosperous and non-fundamentalist Pakistan is in India’s interest. 

With the Talibanisation of this strategic territory of swat valley, the above mentioned threats are looming large on India. The security situation in Kashmir is likely to further worsen. The terrorist influx into Indian Territory will increase. Kashmir went to poll and a democratically elected govt under the west educated CM came to power. The peace process is moving forward with more and more people are coming to mainstream and its testimony was witnessed in huge turnout in the last Assembly election. Peace and democracy are enemies of terrorists, therefore; this situation is likely to be threatened seriously. 

If the situation in Pakistan is allowed to go to nadir, the grip of Taliban and other such forces would grow stronger and can seriously jeopardise the security of this Nation. 

Any complacency on our part in this regard can prove to be disastrous. Shiv Shanker Menon was in USA to meet his counterpart Hillary Clinton. He has held wide ranging dialogue with his counterpart and many others in America. He has rightly said that the Afghanistan problem should be viewed and resolved in an integrated fashion. He meant thereby that any diplomatic or strategic manoeuvring or retreat without taking into India’s stand would be disastrous and would meet with fiasco. India has rightly objected to Holbrooke’s reported attempt to drag Kashmir into his mission. Fortunately Holbrooke too could perceive Indian’s mood and categorically stated that Kashmir is not an areas US wanted mediation. However India has to be too vigilant and pro-active vis-a-vis developments in its North West neighbours. Parvez Mussaraff speech at India conclave only a few day ago smacked of Pakistan’s development. He wanted to incite Indian Muslims' sentiment against the establishment. Thank to rebuff given by Maulana Madni. United we stand divided we fall, though sounds an old and obsolete rhetoric, is the need of hour.

TECHNOLOGY AND FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM,INSURGENCY AND NAXALISM

(SECURITY IS NO MORE SECURED BY GUN ONLY)

INTRODUCTION- When we say internal security we are referring to an overall security situation prevailing in the country. Although it refers to the internal situation and it depends largely on the internal factors, though with the changing strategic-security environment around the region, it affects situations inside the country also. The balance of power in the geo-political region profoundly affects the security situation in any country. It is therefore; any change in power equation in the South-Asian, South-Eastern Asian or South-Pacific region tends to improvement or deterioration in the internal security scenario in India.

Thus the Internal security has twin dimensions; internal and external, and therefore; any study or any strategy to reshape it requires taking of cognizance of both the factors.

In recent times the mechanism and modes of operation of terrorists, extremists and insurgents have undergone metamorphosis. The use of sophisticated technology in terms strike and intelligence areas by these out fits needs to taken into account before formulating any strategy in tackling the problems of Internal Security. 

AREAS AND ASPECTS WHICH AFFECT INTERNAL SECURITY- Broadly Internal security can be divided into major areas for discussion point of views, otherwise it would be strategically and tactically blunder to treat them all at different footing. 

A- INSURGENCY

B- TERRORISM

C- NAXALISM

D- LOW INTENSITY WAR

E- ORGANISED CRIME INCLUDING CYBER CRIME

F- GENERAL LAW AND ORDER

G- COMMUNAL AND CASTE VIOLENCE 

A- INSURGENCY AND NAXALISM- The country faced another Internal Security problem in form of insurgency from the very outset. The Naga leadership under Z.A. Phizo had challenged their integration into Indian Union even before India became Independent. The Naga insurgency started way back in 1950s and as a matter of fact Mr. Z.A. Phizo had founded Naga National Council in 1947 itself. There are regional variations in the causes, forms and social chemistry of these insurgencies. Some fight on ethnic ground, whereas; others on linguistic and regional basis. Their demands and principles are also different from each other. The geo-strategic location of North-Eastern States is also congenial for such movements. These states are linked to the rest of the country through a narrow strip of land, sometimes referred as ‘chicken neck strip’. The lack of physical, cultural and emotional proximity with these states has also augmented the feeling of alienation of tribal and other people living in these states. The Natto-friendly countries bordering these states also encourage secessionist activities by way of providing arms, ammunitions and shelters to these insurgents. It is an established fact, that many insurgent and secessionist groups are running training camps in these Natto-friendly countries.

With the Sheikh Hasina becoming PM of Bangladesh, the situation in the North-Eastern States have started showing signs of improvement. The Country is no longer a safe heaven for the insurgent groups who are operating in these states. That is why, initially, I said that external factors and changing geo-political situation in neighbourhood do affect security in other country. The abortive coup attempt in Bangladesh by BDRs are, according to some experts is due to this reason. The Islamic fundamentalist and Jehadi-jamat elements in the BDR do not like the situation in India to improve.

Although almost all the north-eastern states face insurgency, the chemistry and geography of all the insurgent groups vary from each other. Insurgency is basically a situation of war, mostly guerrilla, which is aimed at liberating that particular area or region from the country. It is different from Naxalism or for that matter terrorism in the sense that Naxalism’s concept is based on the overthrow of the establishment itself through people’s armed movement and it does not advocates for secession. Terrorism, on the other hand, is aimed at spreading terror and hatred sometimes without any clear cut ideology. The ideology of terrorism is blurred but mechanism is organised, whereas; in insurgency, both ideology as well as mechanism of warfare are better organised. It is perhaps due to this reason the terrorism dies early and not the insurgency. Terrorism don’t tend to go in hibernation, whereas; insurgency often goes in hibernation especially when the time is not favourable.

The organisational hierarchy of these organisations are very well defined and well trained and their mode of operation is very hi-tech. Sometimes their hierarchical structure and strike capabilities are unmatched with the security agencies.

STRATEGIES TO TACKLE INSURGENCY AND NAXALISM-

There is no denying the fact that these problems have germinated out of political garbage and have assumed enormous proportions, therefore the long lasting solutions to these menaces also lie in political theraphy. At the same time, till then, they cannot be allowed to devastate and tatter our social and economic fabric. The strategies, therefore; let the political process of reconciliation proceed and at the same time activities of such elements in terms of attacks and disruption are checked and foiled effectively.

Here lies the importance of technology in general and use of Information Technology in particular. These outfits have grown at a rocketing pace in terms of their equipment with latest warfare technology. Unfortunately on establishment side the same did not advance with corresponding velocity. The result is devastating and catastrophic. If the number of terrorist and insurgent incidents is taken into account, the figure available with the ministry of MHA suggests that up to Nov, 2007, there have been 266 incidents resulting in killing of 43 civilians. The corresponding figures for 2006 were 282 incidents and killing of 28 civilians. According to the information made available by the MHA, 1591 incidents of naxal attacks took place in 2008 in which 231 security personnel and 490 civilians were dead. Highest number of incidents took place in Chhattisgarh followed by Jharkhand and Bihar. In most of these attacks Naxalites and such outfits use land mines and improved electronic device (IED) which causes maximum causalities to the security forces. 

We have provided some anti-land mine vehicles to the infested areas; but it is very costly as well as very heavy. Carrying such vehicle is expensive as well as herculean also. It cannot be taken to difficult terrain; a place where combing operations take place.

(a) DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-LAND MINE APPARATUS-The DFID’s conflict and Humanitarian Affairs department is working on research and development of cheap, handy and small anti-land mine devices. It includes invention of a torch called dragon which would throw light and detonate the mine and remove the obstacles. The R&D is based on twin objective of small cost and easily manufacturing techniques. The experiences across the world suggest that maximum number of causalities to the security forces have been caused due to use these land mines. If this technology is successfully implemented, it will bring down the causalities drastically.

India has a vast infrastructure of R&D. We have DRDO, TERI etc. we can develop our own technology also. The figure suggests that we have spent more on hardware like purchase of arms and ammunition as but spent scanty amount on R&D in this area. India can learn lot in anti-land mine sphere from countries like Israel and Lebanon. Even countries like Sri Lanka have also vast experience of dealing with the anti-land mine problems.

(b)LAND MINE IN C0ASTAL AREAS- The land mines in surface area is considered less lethal as compared to those planted on the sea shore. These sea-mines, as it is called, do not get defused themselves and can explode even after hundred years. It is becoming gradually more and more challenging for internal security. Personnels and experts are of the opinion that maritime terrorism is of more far reaching consequences.

(c)ANTI AMBUSH AND ANTI-GUERRILLA WARFARE STRATEGIES- In insurgency operations, maximum causalities occur in ambush by the insurgents. In north-east states, insurgent organisations like PLA NSCN, ULFA, BLACK WIDOW, ALL BODO STUDENTS UNION, NLFB, TLF, Kanleipak communist party (KCP),Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL),Manipur people’s Liberation Front (MPLF),United National Liberation Front (UNLF),Hmar People’s Convention- Democracy (HPC-D),Kuki Liberation Army (KLA),Kuki National Army (KNA),Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA),Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA),Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF),Hmar People’s Convention(HPC),Indigenous People’s Revolutionary Alliance(IPRA),Iripak Kanba Lup (IKL),Islamic Revolutionary Front (IRF),Kuki Defence Force (KDF),Kom Rem People’s convention (KRPC),Manipur Liberation Tiger Army (MLTA) and a host of other such insurgent groups are adept in ambush attacks. They have taken hundreds of lives of security and civilians. Till date we have not been able to evolve an effective anti-ambush strategy. The use of technology can play a vital role vis-a-vis combating these warfare techniques. The use of age old weapons is unmatched with those of these outfits. The night vision goggles, night vision weapons and laser beam fitted rifles can enhance the strike capabilities of our security forces.

Although the basics of combating insurgency remained the same, it has to be blended with latest technology to upgrade the strike capability. The basic tactics is called tactic’s technique and procedure (TTP). It consists of suppress, breach, attack, assault and defend. 

USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE TTP- There is an old saying, offence is the best defence. To pre-empt, you require advance information which comes from intelligence and intelligence is purely a professional and technical dimension. The more sophisticated the gadget you have, of course manned by dedicated and highly trained personnel, would equip the establishment with advance warning or movements of the enemies. What we have seen in several attacks in many parts of the country, are the examples of weak and inefficient intelligence system. Contrary to the popular assumptions, the use of technology is cheaper than the conventional way of gathering information. Just by installing certain CCTv and footage regularly monitored and analysed by computers can not only save life of hundreds of people but relieve of dozens of police men doing duty in scorching sun and chilling nights.

B- TERRORISM, LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT AND ORGANISED CRIME-

These are the modern day phenomenon. The 2nd half of 20th century has ushered in these deadly and ghostly ideologies. Without going into the jargon of definition of terrorism, we need to discuss steps to improve our response mechanism. As far as its terminology is concerned, the term ‘Terrorism’ comes from the Latin word ‘terrere’, which means to frighten. There are hundreds of different definitions of the word “Terrorism”; therefore, universal definition of this word is nearly impossible. For example, the US Army has counted as many as 109 definitions of Terrorism in 22 different countries. It is therefore, needless to discuss upon it. Low intensity conflict or LIC is nothing but a corollary of the terrorism. The situation where the military force is used selectively to enforce compliance with a political motive is called LIC. Pakistan, when was routed in two successive wars against India, resorted to this tactics. This LIC is still continuing in J&K. It is a kind of prolonged engagement without official pronouncement or declaration of all out war. It is stressful and painful.

It drains immense resources both in terms of men and money. The use of sophisticated IT in this arena can reverse the results. The modus operandi of both terrorist attacks and LIC has under gone huge change, so should have been our tactics.

It is said that the wars are fought as per prevailing weapons of contemporary time. In ancient period they used to be fought by crude weapons but gradually modes changed and elephants, cavalry, gunpowder and canons became weapons and modes of winning combination. British came and it changed the warfare; the naval boats gave superiority to the Britishers over Indian rulers. The first world wars proved that the navy was still a force to reckon with. 2nd World War, for the first time, changed the entire paradigm of warfare and fighter planes changed the polity and geography of the region. The advent of 21st century has again brought in a new concept and now the superiority of a nation depends on information technology. Paul Bracken, an American strategic expert, use a term ‘information dominance’, meaning thereby that the more sophisticated is the IT, the more powerful is the nation.

INADEQUATE SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AT BORDERS AND AIR PORTS (BORDER MANAGEMENT) - India has 4095 Kilometres porous border with Bangladesh and 1850 Kilometres with Nepal. The Indo-Pak border is 3323 Kilometres whereas; Indo-China border is 3428 Kilometres. Our border management in the above borders needs to be strengthened vigorously. We do not have ultra-modern scientific equipments on the checkpoints. For instance the Indo-Nepal border has several transit points like Raxaul, Jogbani, sandhauli, Birpur etc. The intelligence reports suggest that these borders are frequently used by the drug peddlers, arms dealers and terrorists and large scale smuggling takes place here.

The kinds of equipment which are installed here are far from satisfactory and cannot detect the movement of goods or arms and ammunitions. These borders require installations of highly sophisticated equipments so that the security agencies can detect and identify the saboteurs. Each day hundreds of thousands of vehicles including trucks loaded with huge containers pass through these borders and therefore it is virtually impossible to check these vehicles with the help of obsolete and outdate manual gadgets by few dozen customs and excise or police officials. Till date they act on specific tip off and check specific vehicle. Even then long queues of vehicles are lined up causing immense hardships to the commuters. 

The concept of Integrated Check Posts (ICP) has been mooted few years ago to overcome this problem but the pace of its implementation is very slow. The airports have also been used by the terrorists over the years. Although the security at airports is far more modern and tighter than the border, it needs to the further sensitised. 

The detection of liquid explosives and suicidal bombs has been a major headache for the agencies. Use of Acetone Peroxide (TATP) and HMDT, the liquid explosives has become favourites of the terrorists. ‘Raman Spectroscopy’, a device are being used by some advanced countries to detect these explosives. We can use it on wider scale.

Human suicide bombs are said to be a ‘Zero Failure Technique (ZFT)’ for the terrorists. Countries like Israel, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India and even some European Countries are the worst hits and the largest suffers.

England is claimed to have developed a device based on ‘Nano Technology’ which would detect without fail the human suicide bombers. They claim that this technology would provide security cover over the entire city or coastal areas. IIT is also working on some R&D to develop anti-human suicide bombers device. It is required to be accelerated. Technology saves time and money and achieves target with more precision.

BORDER MANAGEMENT- India can learn much from Israel regarding border management. We have signed one MOU with them. Unfortunately much headway has not been made due to political reasons. Keeping watch over thousands of Kilo-meters international border without eye to eye ball contact of soldiers is not an easy task. It cannot be achieved without use of hi-tech and ultra modern scientific equipments. The unmanned aircrafts fitted with electronic and IT gadgets are being use by a number of developed countries to keep watch over enemies of nation, it can be imitated here also. Any cost is cheaper than blood our soldiers.

The primitive way of putting fence across the border is not a plausible proposition. It is very cumbersome, costly, time taking and ineffective also. In spite of about 70% of fencing across Indo-Bangladesh border, the influx of illegal immigrants into India is unabated.

INTERNET AND TERRORISM-

The internet upsurge has changed the globe and so has the mechanism of the terrorists. Internet has brought the entire globe to your mouse command. Gone are the days when some organisations had to resort to phone calls and hardcopy communications to reach out their viewers,followers and sympathisers. According to many reports published across the world, the terrorists have become internet savvy and have been using internet to communicate with their members, command them, instruct and guide them on net. They have started hatred campaign against their enemies by using their own websites and blogs. According to one estimate at present there are about 1 billion bloggers are across the world. The distance has minimised to zero level in terms of time. It has posed a serious challenge before our internal security also. We do have advantage also. India is perhaps one of the most developed nations in terms of software engineers and programmers. We have best brains available which can be used in evolution of anti-terror software strategies. We can develop programmes to hack the terrorist’s communication and disrupt their nefarious designs. Policies have to be framed so that Indian citizen could be involved in this tirade against the enemies of mankind. I.T. laws have been amended more than twice; we require a comprehensive and deterrent law to tackle this menace.

(C)-GERERAL LAW AND ORDER AND COMMUNAL AND CASTE CLASHES-

Policing in India is a British legacy and the hierarchical structures as well as legal frame work still persist with certain changes here and there. We have still 148 years Police Act prevalent in many parts of the country. IPC of 1860 still reminds us that we have not yet been able to codify our own penal codes in congruent and in commensurate with changing pace of times. 1871 Indian Evidence Act still does not allow many IT materials as clinching evidence. Narco-tests are not admissible in the court of law as solitary and conclusive evidence. The situation needs to be changed because they have direct bearing on the internal security situation in our country. Supreme Court of India has ruled in (CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION) WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) No. 310 OF 1996 I. A. No. 3 of 1999 Prakash Singh v/s union of India that the investigation and law and order be separated. The idea is to improve the quality of investigation and bring more judiciously culprits to book.

Here lies the crux of the problem. The unscientific and colonial way of retrieval of information many times amounts to violation of human rights and vitiates the entire procedure of law. The introduction of hi-technology in matters of investigations will held a lot in improving the internal security scenario. 

The FIRs are required to be put on local area network of the police department. The data base of criminals, terrorists, extremists and naxalites along with their photographs be made available so that SHO sitting in a remote area can have the information of the whereabouts and activities of such elements. Generally these elements escape and sneak into countryside and go in hibernation. The lack of effective information system help these elements escape from the eyes of the local police. 

Police stations are the corner stone of the entire security structure. Unfortunately, over a period of time the emphasis has shifted from this basic structure and we went on creating parallel organisations with conflicting and intersecting jurisdiction causing more harm than good. There anomalies are required to be rectified.

The general law and order and other communal and caste violent clashes sometimes snowball into serious problems for internal security. With the introduction of latest technologies in this area, the situation can be improved in a big way.Some of the important suggested measures are (a) access control system/ equipment (b) information encryption (c) air port and multimode protective security, interceptors. (d) anti-riot equipment,(e) armour personal body (e) lab for testing (f) audio surveillance equipment (g) mobile communication (h) bio-metric system (i) model for encryption (j) bomb detection equipment (k) micro-wave communication (l) bomb disposal equipment (m) passenger screening and searching equipment (n) cyber crime surveillance system (o) anti-riot and other specialist vehicle etc.

SOP ON ANVIL TO TACKLE TERRORIST ATTACKS

(BURNING OF TAJ;ATTACK ON INDIAN PSYCHE)

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is all set to implement a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for tackling terrorists’ crimes and attacks in the country from 31st May of this year.

This SOP has been prepared after 100 days exercise by a group of experts in security matters set up by the MHA after the fiasco of tackling the Mumbai attacks on 26/11 last year. The manner, in which the whole operation was carried out, exposed the lack of proper coordination amongst the security agencies and also witnessed almost total collapse of command and control system, at least in the important initial phase of operation. 

The above Mumbai attacks and subsequent response by the Crisis Management Group in MHA was highly criticized in the media as well as in public domain especially on the point of delayed dispatch and airdropping of NSG Commandos to the site. There was a total confusion on the site of operation and the securities forces were at a loss on the point of taking commands.

In the above circumstances, the MHA had setup a group of experts which after long and arduous deliberations, prepared a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the security agencies tackling the terrorist crimes. This SOP contains list of does and don’ts, it would be followed by all concerned central and state security agencies as well as the external and internal intelligence agencies like I.B. and R.A.W. 

It is pertinent to mention here that the central as well as state security agencies do have the list of does and don’ts and SOP for Anti-Naxal operations.

This is the third important decision in the MHA after Mumbai attacks, first and second being establishment of National Investigation Agency (NIA) and amendment to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 respetively. Many experts in security and strategic matters believe that clear cut command and control mechanism and zero response time are the keys to success in tackling terrorist attacks. The kind of reflex in the rescue team which the entire world watched when a passenger plane had to make an emergency landing in the Hudson river in USA set an example for many countries including India. We, over a period of time, have created a plethora of security and intelligence agencies, but failed to evolve a scientific, coordinated and coherent system of command and controll. When tragedy occurs, the agencies bestowed on the responsibilities to carry our operations, get themselves at a loss, They usually take more than required time to respond. The recent incidents of narrow escape of President's helicopter at Mumbai air port during the visit was another example of lack of coordinationa command and control mechanism in some areas, which is matter of grave concern. Hopefully, this SOP would be able to eliminate or atleast minimise the chances of such fiasco which we unfortunately watched and experienced during Mumbai attacks.

Discussions are also going to amend the rules related to Media also, so that the entire area, where the operation is to carried out, could be cordoned off. During the Mumbai attacks, some of the electronic media (TV channels) acted in a most irresponsible manner and telecasted live the operation of the securities forces. This has proved disastrous in terms of relayed information to the terrorists inside the hotel as well as their masterminds stationed somewhere else. The amendment in the existing law will enable security agencies to disallow such things to occur.

NEW ERA TO USHER IN JAMMU & KASHMIR

ERA OF NEW HORIZON AND NEW HOPES WAIT TO USHER IN IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Omar Abdullah has hinted to repeal J&K Disturbed areas Act,1992 and Armed forces (special powers)Act 1958 very soon. It is pertinent to note that both these laws were enacted in order to tackle the terrorist activities in this disturbed state.

The successful election in the state in terms of high voters turn out and lesser incidents of violence have changed the political and social mileu in the state and has instilled confidence in the 'strathclyde scotland educated' and youngest CM, who in turn wants to fulfill the promises he had made to the people during his election campaign.

It should be noted that the above two laws are enacted by the Parliament, but the state govt can repeal it under the powers conferred to it vide Article 370 of the Indian Constitution and article 246(schedule-7 state list) of the constitution which gives state almost exclusive powers to the state govt in matters related to law and order.

Since these two laws give ample powers to the security forces with respect to arrests, search and firing, many human rights activists and political parties also call these laws 'draconian' and have been demanding their repeal since its enactment and application.

The withdrawal of these laws will certainly help win the good will and confidence of the people which have fast depleted over few years. But on the other hand ,it will curtail the powers of the security forces in dealing with the terrorists, which may hamper the peace process to further and normalcy to return.

Some experts in security matters are however of the opinion that constitution of National Investigationg Agency and amendment to Unlawful activities( prevention)

Act 1967 have rendered J&K Disturbed areas Act, 1992 and Armed forces (special powers)Act 1958 useless because the aforesaid law(Unlawful activities( prevention) Act 1967) and NIA are able to tackle the terrorists activities in far more effective and scientific manner.

By doing so the government can send a message of good will and kind gesture to the people of this state at large, now it is up to them to reciprocate in the same fashion.

It should be bone in mind that the local people irrespective of political affiliations have been highly critical of these, what they call'draconian and anti- kashmiri laws', therefore its repealment would usher in an era of new horizon and new hopes. This opportunity could be used to fill confidence and restore peace here in the valley,

Hopefully this step would also help in restoring peace in this strife torn territory of the Indian republic. Paksitan must also share the good gesture and reciprocate because playing with fire burns your own hands too, history has given us this lesson. All what is happening in Pakistan including in swat valley of FATA and elsewhere in this country are the fruits pakistan have sown over the years.

THE NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY

The Mumbai attack by international terrorist organisations shook the psyche of every Indian including the political leaders.The kind of public outcry which erupted was unprecedented both in terms of number and intensity. The Govt lost no time and threw away the wardrob boy, Home Minister quickly and undertook a number of measures. It included establishment of much talked and needed Federal Investigating Agency with more sharp incisors and canine in the Jaws. It is in this perspective, the Parliament has passed the NIA bill and thus the NIA came into being. Simultaneously the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill was also passed. It gives extra leverage to the law enforcing agencies in dealing with the acts of terror and related organised crime and low intensitly war which is going on for more than decades after the Indo- Pakistan war of 1971. 

HERE IS THE TEXT OF THE ACT WHICH THE PARLIAMENT HAS PASSED-

THE NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY ACT, 2008

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1. (1) This Act may be called the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008.

(2) It extends to the whole of India and it applies also—

(a) to citizens of India outside India;

(b) to persons in the service of the Government wherever they may be; and

(c) to persons on ships and aircrafts registered in India wherever they may be.

2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) “Agency” means the National Investigation Agency constituted under section 3 ;

(b) “Code” means the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973;

(c) “High Court” means the High Court within whose jurisdiction the Special Court is situated;

(d) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules;

(e) “Public Prosecutor” means a Public Prosecutor or an Additional Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor appointed under section 15;

(f) “Schedule” means Schedule to this Act;

(g) “Scheduled Offence” means an offence specified in the Schedule;

(h) “Special Court” means a Special Court constituted under section 11 or, as the

case may be, under section 21;

(i) words and expressions used but not defined in this Act and defined in the Code shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Code.

(2) Any reference in this Act to any enactment or any provision thereof shall, in

relation to an area in which such enactment or such provision is not in force, be construed as a reference to the corresponding law or the relevant provision of the corresponding law, if any, in force in that area.

CHAPTER II

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY

3. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the Police Act, 1861, the Central Government mayconstitute a special agency to be called the National Investigation Agency for investigation and prosecution of offences under the Acts specified in the Schedule.

(2) Subject to any orders which the Central Government may make in this behalf,officers of the Agency shall have throughout India in relation to the investigation of scheduled offences and arrest of persons concerned in such offences, all the powers, duties, privileges and liabilities which police officers have in connection with the investigation of offences committed therein.

(3) Any officer of the Agency of or above the rank of Sub-Inspector may, subject to any orders which the Central Government may make in this behalf, exercise throughout India, any of the powers of the officer-in-charge of a police station in the area in which he is present for the time being and when so exercising such powers shall, subject to any such orders as aforesaid, be deemed to be an officer-in-charge of a police station discharging the functions of such an officer within the limits of his station.

4. (1) The superintendence of the Agency shall vest in the Central Government.

(2) The administration of the Agency shall vest in an officer designated as the Director-General appointed in this behalf by the Central Government who shall exercise in respect of the Agency such of the powers exercisable by a Director-General of Police in respect of the police force in a State, as the Central Government may specify in this behalf.

5. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Agency shall be constituted in such

manner as may be prescribed and the conditions of service of persons employed in the

Agency shall be such as may be prescribed.

Definitions.

Constitution of National Investigation Agency.

5 of 1861.

Superintendence of National investigation Agency.

Manner of constitution of Agency and conditions of service of members.

2 of 1974.

CHAPTER III

INVESTIGATION BY THE NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY

6. (1) On receipt of information and recording thereof under section 154 of the Code

relating to any Scheduled Offence the officer-in-charge of the police station shall forward the report to the State Government forthwith.

(2) On receipt of the report under sub-section (1), the State Government shall forward the report to the Central Government as expeditiously as possible.

(3) On receipt of report from the State Government, the Central Government shall

determine on the basis of information made available by the State Government or received from other sources, within fifteen days from the date of receipt of the report, whether the offence is a Scheduled Offence or not and also whether, having regard to the gravity of the offence and other relevant factors, it is a fit case to be investigated by the Agency.

(4) Where the Central Government is of the opinion that the offence is a Scheduled

Offence and it is a fit case to be investigated by the Agency, it shall direct the Agency to investigate the said offence.

(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, if the Central Government is

of the opinion that a Scheduled Offence has been committed which is required to be

investigated under this Act, it may, suo motu, direct the Agency to investigate the said offence.

(6) Where any direction has been given under sub-section (4) or sub-section (5), the

State Government and any police officer of the State Government investigating the offence shall not proceed with the investigation and shall forthwith transmit the relevant documents and records to the Agency.

(7) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that till the Agency takes up the investigation of the case it shall be the duty of the officer-in-charge of the police station to continue the investigation.

7. While investigating any offence under this Act, the Agency, having regard to the

gravity of the offence and other relevant factors, may—

(a) if it is expedient to do so, request the State Government to associate itself

with the investigation; or

(b) with the previous approval of the Central Government transfer the case to the

State Government for investigation and trial of the offence.

8. While investigating any Scheduled Offence the Agency may also investigate any

other offence which the accused is alleged to have committed if the offence is connected with the Scheduled Offence.

9. The State Government shall extend all assistance and co-operation to the Agency

for investigation of the Scheduled Offences.

10. Save as otherwise provided in this Act, nothing contained in this Act shall affect the powers of the State Government to investigate and prosecute any Scheduled Offence or other offences under any law for the time being in force.

Investigation of Scheduled Offences. Power to transfer investigation to State Government. Power to investigate connected offences. State Government to extend assistance to National Investigation Agency. Power of State Government to investigate Scheduled Offences.

CHAPTER IV

SPECIAL COURTS

11. (1) The Central Government shall by notification in the Official Gazette, for the trial of Scheduled Offences, constitute one or more Special Courts for such area or areas, or for such case or class or group of cases, as may be specified in the notification.

(2) Where any question arises as to the jurisdiction of any Special Court, it shall be referred to the Central Government whose decision in the matter shall be final.

(3) A Special Court shall be presided over by a judge to be appointed by the Central

Government on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the High Court.

(4) The Agency may make an application to the Chief Justice of the High Court for

appointment of a Judge to preside over the Special Court .

(5) On receipt of an application under sub-section (4), the Chief Justice shall, as soon as possible and not later than seven days, recommend the name of a judge for being appointed to preside over the Special Court.

(6) The Central Government may, if required, appoint an additional judge or additional judges to the Special Court, on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the High Court.

(7) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge or an additional judge of a Special Court unless he is, immediately before such appointment, a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge in any State.

(8) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby provided that the attainment by a person

appointed as a judge or an additional judge of a Special Court of the age of superannuation under the rules applicable to him in the service to which he belongs shall not affect his continuance as such judge or additional judge and the Central Government may by order direct that he shall continue as judge until a specified date or until completion of the trial of the case or cases before him as may be specified in that order.

(9) Where any additional judge or additional judges is or are appointed in a Special

Court, the judge of the Special Court may, from time to time, by general or special order, in writing, provide for the distribution of business of the Special Court among all judges including himself and the additional judge or additional judges and also for the disposal of urgent business in the event of his absence or the absence of any additional judge.

12. A Special Court may, on its own motion, or on an application made by the Public

Prosecutor and if it considers it expedient or desirable so to do, sit for any of its proceedings at any place other than its ordinary place of sitting.

13. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, every Scheduled Offence

investigated by the Agency shall be tried only by the Special Court within whose local jurisdiction it was committed.

(2) If, having regard to the exigencies of the situation prevailing in a State if,—

(a) it is not possible to have a fair, impartial or speedy trial; or 

(b) it is not feasible to have the trial without occasioning the breach of peace or

grave risk to the safety of the accused, the witnesses, the Public Prosecutor or a judge of the Special Court or any of them; or

(c) it is not otherwise in the interests of justice,the Supreme Court may transfer any case pending before a Special Court to any other Special Court within that State or in any other State and the High Court may transfer any case pending before a Special Court situated in that State to any other Special Court within the State.

Power of Central Government to constitute Special Courts. Place of sitting. 

Jurisdiction of Special Courts.

(3) The Supreme Court or the High Court, as the case may be, may act under this

section either on the application of the Central Government or a party interested and any such application shall be made by motion, which shall, except when the applicant is the Attorney-General for India, be supported by an affidavit or affirmation.

14.(1) When trying any offence, a Special Court may also try any other offence with

which the accused may, under the Code, be charged at the same trial if the offence is connected with such other offence.

(2) If, in the course of any trial under this Act of any offence, it is found that the accused person has committed any other offence under this Act or under any other law, the Special Court may convict such person of such other offence and pass any sentence or award punishment authorised by this Act or, as the case may be, under such other law.

15.(1) The Central Government shall appoint a person to be the Public Prosecutor and

may appoint one or more persons to be the Additional Public Prosecutor or Additional 

Public Prosecutors:Provided that the Central Government may also appoint for any case or class or group of cases a Special Public Prosecutor.

(2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Public Prosecutor or an Additional Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor under this section unless he has been in practice as an Advocate for not less than seven years or has held any post, for a period of not less than seven years, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of law.

(3) Every person appointed as a Public Prosecutor or an Additional Public Prosecutor

or a Special Public Prosecutor under this section shall be deemed to be a Public Prosecutor within the meaning of clause (u) of section 2 of the Code, and the provisions of the Code shall have effect accordingly.

16. (1) A Special Court may take cognizance of any offence, without the accused being

committed to it for trial, upon receiving a complaint of facts that constitute such offence or upon a police report of such facts.

(2) Where an offence triable by a Special Court is punishable with imprisonment for a

term not exceeding three years or with fine or with both, the Special Court may, notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of section 260 or section 262 of the Code, try the offence in a summary way in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the Code and the provisions of sections 263 to 265 of the Code, shall so far as may be, apply to such trial: Provided that when, in the course of a summary trial under this sub-section, it appears to the Special Court that the nature of the case is such that it is not desirable to try it in a summary way, the Special Court shall recall any witnesses who may have been examined and proceed to re-hear the case in the manner provided by the provisions of the Code for the trial of such offence and the said provisions shall apply to and in relation to a Special Court as they apply to and in relation to a Magistrate: Provided further that in the case of any conviction in a summary trial under this section, it shall be lawful for a Special Court to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year and with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees. 

(3) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a Special Court shall, for the purpose of trial of any offence, have all the powers of a Court of Session and shall try such offence as if it were a Court of Session so far as may be in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the Code for the trial before a Court of Session.

(4) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, every case transferred to a Special Court under sub-section (2) of section 13 shall be dealt with as if such case had been transferred under section 406 of the Code to such Special Court.Powers of Special Courts with respect to other offences.

Public Prosecutors.Procedure and powers of Special Courts.

(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, but subject to the provisions of

section 299 of the Code, a Special Court may, if it thinks fit and for reasons to be recorded by it, proceed with the trial in the absence of the accused or his pleader and record the evidence of any witness, subject to the right of the accused to recall the witness for cross-examination. 

17. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, the proceedings under this

Act may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, be held in camera if the Special Court so desires. 

(2) On an application made by a witness in any proceeding before it or by the

Public Prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion, if the Special Court is satisfied that the life of such witness is in danger, it may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, take such measures as it deems fit for keeping the identity and address of such witness secret.

(3) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of subsection 

(2), the measures which a Special Court may take under that sub-section may include—

(a) the holding of the proceedings at a place to be decided by the Special Court;

(b) the avoiding of the mention of the names and addresses of the witnesses in

its orders or judgments or in any records of the case accessible to public;

(c) the issuing of any directions for securing that the identity and address of the

witnesses are not disclosed; 

(d) a decision that it is in the public interest to order that all or any of the

proceedings pending before such a Court shall not be published in any manner.

(4) Any person who contravenes any decision or direction issued under sub-section(3) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and

with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.

18. The trial under this Act of any offence by a Special Court shall be held on day-today basis on all working days and have precedence over the trial of any other case against the accused in any other court (not being a Special Court) and shall be concluded in preference to the trial of such other case and accordingly the trial of such other case shall, if necessary, remain in abeyance.

19. Where, after taking cognizance of any offence, a Special Court is of the opinion

that the offence is not triable by it, it shall, notwithstanding that it has no jurisdiction to try such offence, transfer the case for the trial of such offence to any court having jurisdiction under the Code and the Court to which the case is ransferred may proceed with the trial of the offence as if it had taken cognizance of the offence.

20. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, an appeal shall lie from any

judgment, sentence or order, not being an interlocutory order, of a Special Court to the High Court both on facts and on law.

(2) Every appeal under sub-section (1) shall be heard by a bench of two Judges of the

High Court and shall, as far as possible, be disposed of within a period of three months from the date of admission of the appeal.

(3) Except as aforesaid, no appeal or revision shall lie to any court from any judgment,sentence or order including an interlocutory order of a Special Court.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3) of section 378 of the Code,

an appeal shall lie to the High Court against an order of the Special Court granting or refusing bail.

(5) Every appeal under this section shall be preferred within a period of thirty days

from the date of the judgment, sentence or order appealed from:

Protection of witnesses. Trial by Special Court to have precedence.

Power to transfer cases to regular courts.

Appeals.

Provided that the High Court may entertain an appeal after the expiry of the said

period of thirty days if it is satisfied that the appellant had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal within the period of thirty days:Provided further that no appeal shall be entertained after the expiry of ninety days.

21. (1) The State Government may constitute one or more Special Courts for the trial of offences under any or all the enactments specified in the Schedule.

(2) The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to the Special Courts constituted by the State Government under sub-section (1) and shall have effect subject to the following modifications, namely—

(i) references to “Central Government” in sections 11 and 15 shall be construed

as references to State Government;

(ii) reference to “Agency” in sub-section (1) of section 13 shall be construed as

a reference to the “investigation agency of the State Government”;

(iii) reference to “Attorney-General for India” in sub-section (3) of section 13

shall be construed as reference to “Advocate-General of the State”.

(3) The jurisdiction conferred by this Act on a Special Court shall, until a Special Court is constituted by the State Government under sub-section (1) in the case of any offence punishable under this Act, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, be exercised by the Court of Session of the division in which such offence has been committed and it shall have all the powers and follow the procedure provided under this Chapter.

(4) On and from the date when the Special Court is constituted by the State Government the trial of any offence investigated by the State Government under the provisions of this Act, which would have been required to be held before the Special Court, shall stand transferred to that Court on the date on which it is constituted.

CHAPTER V

MISCELLANEOUS

22. The High Court may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make such rules, as it may deem necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Act relating to Special Courts within its territory.

23. (1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette make such provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as may appear to it to be necessary or expedient for removing the difficulty:Provided that no order shall be made, under this section after the expiration of two years from the commencement of this Act.

(2) Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament.

24. (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality to the foregoing power, such rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—

(a) the manner of constitution of the Agency and the conditions of service of

persons employed in the Agency under section 5; Power of State Government to institute Special Courts. Power of High Courts to make rules.

Power to remove difficulties.

Power to make rules.

(b) any other matter which is required to be, or may be, prescribed.

25. Every rule made by the Central Government under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agrees in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.

Laying of rules.

THE SCHEDULE

[See section 2(1)(f)]

1. The Atomic Energy Act 1962 (33 of 1962);

2. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (37 of 1967);

3. The Anti-Hijacking Act, 1982 (65 of 1982);

4. The Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation Act, 1982 (66 of

1982);

5. The SAARC Convention on (Suppression of Terrorism) Act 1993 (36 of 1993);

6. The Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed

Platforms on Continental Shelf Act 2002 (69 of 2002);

7. The Weapons of Mass Destruction and Their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of

Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005 ( 21of 2005);

8. Offences under—

(a) Chapter VI of the Indian Penal Code [sections 121 to 130 (both inclusive)];

(b) Sections 489-A to 489-E (both inclusive) of the Indian Penal Code.